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Andre Cailloux (1825 – May 27, 1863) was one of the first black officers in the Union Army to be killed in combat during the American Civil War. He died heroically during the unsuccessful first attack on the Confederate fortifications during the Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana. Accounts of his heroism were widely reported in the press, and became a rallying cry for the recruitment of African Americans into the Union Army. His reputation as a patriot and martyr long outlived him. In an 1890 collection of interviews, Civil War veteran Colonel Douglass Wilson said, "If ever patriotic heroism deserved to be honored in stately marble or in brass that of Captain Caillioux deserves to be, and the American people will have never redeemed their gratitude to genuine patriotism until that debt is paid." ==Early life== Born a mixed-race slave in Louisiana in 1825, Cailloux lived his entire life in and around New Orleans. As a young man, Cailloux had been apprenticed in the cigar-making trade. He was owned by members of the Duvernay family until 1846, when his petition for manumission, which was supported by his master, was granted by an all-white police jury in the city of New Orleans. In 1847, Cailloux married Félicie Coulon, a free Creole of color, who also had been born into slavery, but freed when her mother paid her purchase price. Cailloux and Coulon had four children born free, three of whom survived to adulthood. Félicie's mother Feliciana had been an enslaved mulatto woman. She had participated in the local plaçage system as the common-law wife of a white planter, Valentin Encalada, for several years. Although Félicie was not Encalada’s daughter, she was born into slavery because of her mother's status and was his "property" as the child of her mother. (This was according to the principle of ''partus sequitur ventrem'' in slave law.) Feliciana bought her daughter's freedom from Encalada in 1842. Upon gaining his freedom, Cailloux earned his living as a cigar maker. Prior to the beginning of the Civil War, he established his own cigar-making business. Though his financial circumstances were modest, Cailloux became recognized as a leader within the free Afro-French Creole community of New Orleans. Established during the French colonial years, the free people of color had become a distinct community, existing as a third class between the white colonists and the majority of enslaved Africans. In New Orleans culture, white fathers had sometimes acknowledged their mixed-race children and paid for their education, especially of sons, or arranged apprenticeships. Sometimes they settled property on them. An avid sportsman, Cailloux was admired as one of the best boxers in the city. He was also an active supporter of the Institute Catholique, a school for orphaned black children, as it also taught the children of free people of color. After his manumission, Cailloux learned to read, probably with the assistance of the teachers at the Institute Catholique. He became fluent in both English and French. By 1860, Cailloux was a well-respected member of the 10,000 “free men of color” Afro-Creole community in New Orleans. At the time, New Orleans was the largest city in the South, and the sixth-largest city in the United States, with a population of about 100,000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andre Cailloux」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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